Biology - BIOL 236

Course Description

This one-semester course covers the gross and microscopic anatomy and physiology of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, special senses, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems of the human body. Weekly instruction includes four hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory. The laboratory portion includes the use of prepared histological slides, anatomical models, bones, dissection of preserved specimens, blood typing, spirometry, urinalysis and blood pressure measurement. Students will also have an opportunity to examine a dissected cadaver.

Prerequisites

(A requirement that must be completed before taking this course.)

Course Competencies

Upon successful completion of the course, the student should be able to:

• Apply anatomical and directional terminology to the human body.
• Compare the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ and organ-system levels of organization of the human body.
• Explain the negative-feedback control mechanisms for homeostasis.
• Characterize the major tissue types, their location and functions.
• Summarize the structure and function of the integumentary system.
• Compare the anatomical structure, shape and markings of the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
• Classify the different types of joints and their movements.
• Explain the structure and function of the muscular system.
• Summarize the organization of the brain, spinal cord and nerve fibers in the nervous system.
• Outline the steps and mechanisms associated with the generation of action potential and transmission of nerve impulses.
• Evaluate the structure and function of the special senses.
• Evaluate the structure and function of the special senses.
• Explain the structure and function of the endocrine glands in the human body.
• Compare the mechanisms of hormonal action associated with surface and intracellular receptors.
• Characterize the structure and function of the cellular and non-cellular components of the blood.
• Differentiate between the various types of blood cells.
• Compare the ABO and Rh blood types and their compatibilities.
• Explain the structure and function of the heart and the events of the cardiac cycle.
• Relate the conduction system of the heart to an electrocardiogram.
• Differentiate between the different types of blood vessels and their functions.
• Examine the factors and mechanisms involved in the regulation of blood pressure and blood flow.
• Outline the blood flow in the blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
• Explain the mechanisms associated with the process of blood/lung and blood/tissue capillary exchange.
• Summarize the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
• Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity.
• Explain the structure and function of the respiratory system.
• Determine respiratory volumes and capacities.
• Analyze the exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood.
• Explain the structure and function of the digestive system.
• Explain the structure and function of the urinary system.
• Compare the process of renal filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the formation of urine.
• Analyze the mechanisms of regulation of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance.
• Summarize the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems.
• Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
• Differentiate the stages of human development.

Course Schedule